Common Interests, Clashing Interests Posted by David Shorr

The premise that nations generally, and pivotal powers in particular, share a set of communal interests is a pillar of current foreign policy and also the subject of much skepticism. Thomas Wright and I went three rounds in a recent issue of Survival (pay wall) focused largely on this question, and I address it in my portion of this pre-summit report (free), co-published with Centre for International Governance Innovation and the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations. While we conduct this debate on whether nations are more that united or divided in their interests, I think we also need to clarify the nature of those interests.

First off, I've noticed a tendency to trace all diplomatic disputes to differences of national interest, with the effect of making every deadlock seem intractable. This isn't to minimize the diverging views on, say, Iran or financial regulation, but nor should we inflate them. The Chinese leadership, for instance, has staked its politicial survival on continued annual GDP growth of 8-10%. Strictly speaking, I suppose this is an interest of the Chinese Communist Party, rather than a national interest. But either way, Beijing's stances on carbon emissions and currency valuation certainly qualify as core interests. For many other Chinese positions, the driver is a desire to avoid any more diplomatic exertion (and accompanying internal debate) than necessary. Now, there's no denying this is a strong impulse and consideration for China's leadership -- and a real impediment to international consensus on some issues. As I say, though, skeptics of the shared interests theory are too quick to heighten the diplomatic obstacles by tagging them as non-zero sum clashes of interest.

As I've been thinking about these questions of how governments align with respect to each other, I've started to think in terms of three levels: selfish interests, affinity, and the collective greater good. The first category is classic national interests, straightforward bottom-line considerations for any government. Affinity is the class of cultural, ideological, alliance ties that bind NATO, the G-77, etc. In the third category, we return to the shared interests hypothesis.

I think the strongest case for the reality of common interests is the way nations share the consequences of the problems on the global agenda. This is how I've been describing it:

Pick any major problem on the agenda and the trajectory without an infusion of international leadership and cooperation could lead to a dire foreseeable future: nuclear arms races in Northeast Asia and the Middle East, a generation of children in extreme poverty with their development stunted by malnutrition, a tipping point of irreversible climate change, mounting bitterness over the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, mounting suspicion that globalization is rigged for the benefit of the few. In sum, inertia is not a great option.

It's the same idea we hear from administration officials when they talk about the status quo being unsustainable for many of the issues we confront. It's not hard to think of an anaology in day-to-day life. When we talk about individuals needing to make wise choices, we say it's in their "own best interests," which parallels pretty closely what we're talking about in international affairs.

The way many people see it, particularly the realist school of IR, there is no such thing as a purely altruistic act in international relations. But I think we can pinpoint some actions the US has taken because it was the right thing to do. For the following list, my criterion was that the United States did not have a direct near-term benefit it could count on as a result of these steps:

• Rebuilding Japan & Germany
• Intervening militarily to stop the killing in Bosnia & Kosovo
• Decolonization of Africa in the 1960s
• The founding of Israel
• Wide distribution of anti-retrovirals to combat AIDS

Let me anticipate a few reactions. There was an issue of NATO credibilty on the line in Bosnia, so maybe only Kosovo should be on the list. I'd distinguish US-Israeli relations as they've evolved -- a major example of affinity -- from Truman's decision in 1948.

It was interesting to talk recently with Steve Clemons, a self-professed realist, about this list. Steve said these acts were not selfless good deeds, but were the United States paying its renewal fees to be accepted as a legitimate global leader. Which I guess means we take slightly different paths to a nearly identical conclusion. From my vantage, these were stands taken by American leaders to uphold their notions of justice or invest in their vision of a future global order. To Steve, they were instances of the US cementing its geopolitical position. You be the judge.

 

Comments

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It's easy to say that any action that might be called altruistic are to build reputation, isn't it? We need to take at face value that nations are able to do the right thing from time to time.

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Yeah, it's just that we're going to need them to do the right thing much more regularly just to keep things from getting really bad.

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It's easy to say that any action that might be called altruistic are to build reputation, isn't it? We need to take at face value that nations are able to do the right thing from time to time.

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