Democracy Arsenal

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June 05, 2006

When Democracy and Liberalism Collide
Posted by Shadi Hamid

We are liberals. As such, one presumes that we believe in not just democracy, but democracy of a distinctly liberal nature. Democracy, without liberalism, can lead to “mass praetorianism,” rule by decree, and a kind cynically constructed populism. One presumes that these are not good things and, for those Americans that were not sure, the last five years offer a rather fascinating window into democracy’s fragility once its liberal safeguards begin to erode, first slowly then with greater intensity. The fact that America has resisted the careful onslaught of the republican-dominated legislative, executive, and judicial branches is a testament to the strength of our founding institutions, their durability, and their unmistakable ability to adapt, however haltingly, to the most urgent of challenges.

Our preference for liberal democracy, however, is not one without inconsistency. It is often assumed that promoting democracy abroad is in keeping with our founding ideals. It of course is, but it is less tidy than it might otherwise appear. In the context of the Middle East, more democracy leads to less liberalism. In societies where the electorate is illiberal, their illiberalism will be reflected in the kind of leaders they elect. Not only that, these leaders will invariably be more “populist” and anti-American than the “pro-US” dictators which preceded them. This makes sense – democracy is supposed to reflect the will of the majority.

The rising levels of anti-Americanism, thus, complicate our efforts to promote democracy in the Arab world. The more anti-Americanism there is, the more promoting democracy abroad will bring to power people who don’t like us too much (i.e. Islamists). Arab democracy in 2006 will look different than it would have in the less contentious times of, say, Bill Clinton (whom Arabs have always had a soft spot for).

There are some who believe in democracy only when it leads to outcomes which are to their liking. If democracy leads to illiberalism, then they will cease to support its promotion abroad. Let there be no mistake – this cynical Scrowcroftian realism is a very negation of our country’s founding principles.

For example, here at home, if democracy means that the religiosity and “fundamentalism” of conservative Christians is reflected in our government (as it currently is), does that mean we should move to ban Christianist parties or prevent Christianists from voting? Of course not. Democracy is a moral good regardless of its outcomes. Of course, certain fundamental rights must be guaranteed irrespective of the will of the majority (i.e., no rounding up of Muslims here in the US, and no rounding up of Copts and other non-Muslim minorities in the Arab world). Having a liberal polity, however, is not a fundamental right. It is something that must be fought for – through democratic give and take – by liberals.

If liberals, whether it be here or in Egypt, cannot convince the electorate to vote for them, then that is what democracy is about. Democracy’s not easy. It’s not tidy. It’s not some cure-all panacea. And it is, by no means, an affirmative action program for disaffected Arab liberals. No – democracy is messy, uncertain, and, yes, risky. Democrats, although they might like to, can no longer hide behind prudence, caution, or “nuance.” The Democratic Party must move forward with a bold vision, which while acknowledging the risks inherent in democracy promotion, unmistakably places our devotion to democracy at the center of US foreign policy.

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Comments

I appreciate these thoughts about Democracy. Growing up in the Republican stronghold of Utah, I found myself on the right politically for a long time. In recent years, however, I have grown increasingly wary of the administration's penchant for cloaking policies that further US interests at the expense of the world as "bringing democracy." Who are we to decide what democracy should and shouldn't look like? Of course, there are the basic features we can reasonably demand from a democracy, like freedom from human rights abuses and so on. After that, we're only trying to cram more of the West into another country's political culture.

If this administration is sincere in their rhetoric, they would be doing much different things to bring freedom to the world and fight extremism. Global poverty is always a great place to start. The extreme poverty that many people live in is a breeding ground for anti-Americanism. Naturally, indigenous leaders are going to capitalize on the despair of the poor for their own gain. Global poverty is unnecessary and the means to eliminate it is not a cry in the desert from some bleeding-heart liberal. We have a plan to end extreme poverty called the Millennium Development Goals. If we truly want to spread freedom, we cannot afford to ignore a plan that the US and 188 other countries signed on to at the Millennium Summit in 2000.

Remove the word "liberal" in all its forms from this essay and it could have been written by one of President Bush's speechwriters.

The right to live in a democracy is a little like the right to play first violin at Carnegie Hall. Sure we can "promote" it in all sorts of ways, but whether the thing ever actually happens will never be up to us.

One of several things our libeal democracy promoters have in common with President Bush is a resolute refusal to accept this fact of life. Dictatorships never simply are; they are because America "props them up." The opponents of authoritarian governments never want to tear them down and erect something much worse in their place; no, it only seems as if they do, because America has foolishly not taken the steps needed to make them like us more. We must always be worried about what Arabs think of Americans, but it is, well, illiberal to speak in terms of what Americans think of Arabs.

Along that line, here's a thought for our liberal democracy promoters: there are worse things than a lack of democracy in the Arab countries. Genocide, for one. Public silence about genocide, for another. More or less unqualified support for a fellow Arab government engaged in committing genocide, for a third. Finally indifference (or worse) toward the victims of genocide, because in this specific instance the victims are not Arabs. They are only black Africans.

What do our liberal democracy promoters have to say about that? Nothing. They have nothing to say. How could they, when raising the subject of Arab responsibility for stopping genocide by an Arab government might increase Arab anti-Americanism, and divert attention from democracy? Bill Clinton would never think of doing such a thing.

Let's see how we can engage Arab governments and media in stopping the protracted mass murder in Darfur before we fret too much about whether some Egyptian Islamist gets a fair shot at winning office and a public platform from which to blame all his country's problems on America and the Jews. I doubt this could be called a liberal position, but it seems like the right order of priorities to me.

Very well said! Best article I've read here in awhile, and I'm hoping to see a positive Democratic vision emerging this summer and fall. "Common good" is a good start, but it must be bigger than that.

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Once I played FF11

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