Bad, Bad, Sam Posted by Michael Osborne

Back in Cape Town, South Africa, after a stint teaching at the New School, I must report that, at least based on my observations here, everything you hear about the unpopularity of the United States in foreign parts is true.  As a native South African who has spent about half his adult life in the United States, I am still shocked at the virulent animosity towards America in so many of politically conscious people here.

Few of my friends and acquaintances in Britain have anything good to say about the U.S.   (A far from patriotic American friend who studied at Oxford tells me he will never forget how isolated he felt when the common room at his college erupted in cheers as the  Space Shuttle exploded on TV).  But my impression is that British anti-Americanism is largely the indulgence of the intellectual.  Here is the South Africa, many people with only a bare knowledge of (or interest in), international affairs love to hate Uncle Sam.

The evil of America is one of the few things upon which South Africans of  the left and the right can agree upon.   I vividly recall the fury evoked in whites by Jimmy Carter and, in particular, by his U.N. ambassador, Andy Young, when Young was regularly denouncing South Africa in the General Assembly.   So fervently was the U.S. disliked that the denouement of Carter's attempt to rescue the Teheran hostages was greeted with joy.   White South Africans nostalgic for the days of apartheid still have a vague sense that De Klerk's sell-out was due in part to U.S. pressure - a thesis with perhaps a germ of truth to it.  More fundamentally, some South African whites have always despised America as an upstart nation of half-breeds and mongrels.  Jews pull the strings.  Worse, uppity blacks hold high office. (It is difficult to exaggerate how the simple fact that a black women is Secretary of State of the most powerful county in the world must grate on some whites in South Africa, as on bigots around the globe; that she was appointed by Bush offers absolutely no comfort).

The South African left has its own reasons for disliking America.  Some stem from cold war politics.  The African National Congress in exile was closely allied with Moscow.  It went so far as to openly support the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.  Also, it is widely believed (although I do not know whether it has been proven), that the CIA tipped off the South African government about the movements  of Nelson Mandela when he was underground in the early 1960's, leading to his arrest at a roadblock in Natal.

The "new" South Africa is self-consciously internationalist  in  orientation, owing in part to the role played by the international community in squeezing apartheid.  It has shown a strong commitment to international law. The South African Constitution  is the only one of which I am aware that mandates domestic courts to apply international law)    South Africa has enthusiastically embraced multinational efforts to address global problems, such as the Kyoto protocol.  That being the case, it is to be expected that Bush's unilateralism will not be applauded in Pretoria.  The antipathy of South African leaders towards the United States has in the past taken on a bizarre racial flavor: former President Nelson Mandela once suggested that Bush and Blair wanted to undermine the United Nations because Kofi Annan is a black man.   In the view of influential South Africans, the U.S, is the one true rogue state on the globe.   One respected commentator confessed a feeling of schadenfreude at the sight of the World Trade Centre towers crashing to the ground.   

Historical peculiarities aside, I suspect that South Africans despise the United States for reasons similar to those that animate dislike of America globally.  No one likes a bully.  And it can scarcely be denied that the Bush administration's foreign policy has cast it as the meanest kid of the block. 

Even if its substantive policies could be justified, the tone of statements in their defense would be unforgivable.  Bush's arrant "with us of against us" rhetoric is essentially a "bring it on" to foreign approbation.    And when not engaged in swaggering bluster, Washington defaults to hypocritical rationalizations.  ("Operation Iraqi Freedom")    A regular bully is bad enough.   A sanctimonious thug is beyond the pale.

That being said, hostility towards America long predates the Bush administration, and bears no necessary relationship to the virtue or otherwise of particular U.S. foreign policy.  The U.S. was excoriated for doing nothing to stop the Rwanda genocide in 1994.   But you can be sure that, if Clinton had dispatched Marines to Kigali, the very same critics would have lambasted the action as another imperialist adventure.   In one of the few positive steps the Bush administration has taken with respect to Africa, it has instituted a programme to spend $9-billion on HIV/Aids.   Does this initiative, vastly greater than offered by any other country, temper antipathy towards America?  Not a chance.  The angle picked up by the leading South African weekly, is that the program places too much emphasis on abstinence. 

The astounding depth of South African anti-American animus is made clear in the double standards routinely applied.   France last year intervened (without UN authorisation), in the civil war in Côte d'Ivoire, destroying the country's air force in the process.   The action drew no significant criticism here. It goes without saying that equivalent American action would have provoked a firestorm of protest.   Another example: The U.S. role in helping depose Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide last year was roundly condemned in South Africa (which had close ties with Aristide, who now lives in exile near Johannesburg)   But no-one seemed to notice that France, Haiti's former colonial master, co-operated closely with Washington in the de facto coup.   France remains the hero of multilateralism for its brave defiance of U.S. unilateralism on Iraq.

I find the damned-if-you-do-damned-if-you-don't quality of anti-American animosity frankly puzzling.  One thoughtful friend of mine admits that her antipathy towards America is based on an irrational aversion.  But most do attempt to justify their deep-set resentment, although in ways I do not find especially convincing.    Some, for example, point to the pitifully low level of U.S. foreign aid as a percentage of GNP.   I think this criticism does carry some weight; the percentage is the lowest of any industrialized nation.   But the point is difficult to take seriously from the mouth of a very privileged South African whose own lifestyle would be the envy of all but the wealthiest of Americans.   (Nor is the criticism tempered by an acknowledgment that in absolute terms the American contribution exceeds that of any other country.)    Other South Africans bristle at American cultural imperialism.  That is quite understandable.  How could South Africans proud of their country's indigenous art, music, theater and literature not feel embittered when worthy local plays of films run in empty houses, while the masses stand in line across the street to catch the newest excrescence of the Hollywood junk factory?

But at the end of the day, who cares if a lot of South Africans do not like America?   After all, Pretoria nevertheless maintains, behind the rhetoric, a very good  day-to-day relationship with Washington.  (It is not only in Arab autocracies that we find a yawning chasm between street sentiment and state policy).  South Africa has bent over backwards to help out in the "war of terror."  The Constitutional Court had to rap the government over the knuckles for hustling a suspect in the 1998 Kenya and Tanzania embassy bombings onto a FBI-chartered plane waiting at Cape Town airport, without a smidgen of due process.   (Judge Sand sentenced Khalfan Khamis Mohamed. to life in prison).  Also,  Bush has praised President Mbeki as his "point man" on the subject of Zimbabwe. 

Still, I think the U.S. should be worried about its very bad name in South Africa.   Over the long term, even partially democratic governments cannot but be influenced by their people's views.  And if Washington cannot win hearts and minds in a country so far removed from the front lines of the "war on terror," it is difficult to imagine how it can secure them anywhere.

Comments

[kb]

"France last year intervened (without UN authorisation), in the civil war in Côte d'Ivoire"

You might care to take a look at UN SC resolution 1464, and in particular clauses 8&9.

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You have the answer here to your own question, Michael. In what self-respecting country would you *not* find bitter resentment and simmering rage in the face of this humiliating, bootlick servility and ingratiation on the part of their own government? Nobody likes a hegemon. People everywhere want to run their own affairs, and not have the tune so obviously called by external parties. Even if some policy choice is one they would make *anyway*, as a matter of their own self-interest, the policy is going to be resented if it is felt that there is an important additional element of compulsion involved - reasons of state centered around keeping the hegemon happy.

Consider the resentment of Americans toward a country like Saudi Arabia. We are not free to register our disapproval of Saudi policies by ceasing to do business with them. We're stuck; they've got us; we need the oil, and we hate it. In many countries there must be a similar sense of being stuck to an economic relationship with the US. The US purchasing share of the global market for goods is so high, and its role in global finance so great, that nobody can afford to withdraw their products from out markets, or follow a truly independent financial course.

Everyone, everywhere is going to find something they dislike about the US, some individual gripe or grievance. Some of the grievances may be justified; some may not be. But whatever the grievances are, the sense by these people that they are powerless to really do anything about it must be a source of tremendous frustration and resentment, and enough in many cases to turn a basal level of modest pique into seething anger.

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KB
Re UNSC 1464: It was passed in 2003; the French intervention dates to October 2002 with its forces already on the ground deploying into the city; ECOWAS first met on 6 Nov 2002 in Abuja to organize its intervention force which started deploying in December 2002. The UN SC was to provide after the fact legality and open up UN funding for the forces already on the ground.
Re: the relationship between the US and SA in general, don't forget there have been additional strains on it over Mbeki's unwillingness to attack the HIV/AIDS problem or to put greater pressure on Mugabe to stop oppressing the Zimbabweans so badly.

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[kb]

libertarian soldier

When the french deployed in 2002 it did so at the request of the legitimate government of the IC and therefore didn't need UN say so.

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Michael...

interesting take how america is perceived. we have previously drilled down a little deeper on this topic
here, if you are interested.

ironicly enough, while almost everyone is in agreement that the US's image overseas keeps falling faster and faster, VOA keeps getting cut: 3 stations in SA and Japan have been closed and several in Europe are being cut back. where broadcasting to used to occur 24/7, it's more of an 8/5, if thought of. and, it seems that the pushing of ideology over VOA - something we thought dead and buried back in the 70s - has returned, replacing the effective dan rather/peter jennings style news organization that had served so well. members of congress are trying to kill it...

ah, what the hell...our actions speak louder than our words, anyway.

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For an inquiry into the legality of intervention by invitation, please see:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=723182

[libertarian soldier]

kb
My point was that upthread you appeared to use the UNSCR to rebut the (valid) claim that France intervened without one.
And in fact, having been next door at the time, the French garrison's deployment out of their base was not at the request of the CDI, but to protect FR citizens in Abidjan.

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